In 1997 I worked with Dr Swan as he completed a small contract with NRCan to look at the benefits of our earthquake research. Dr. Swan brought an economists thinking to the problem, and he took the time to explain to me (very much a non-economist) how he was tacking the problem. He determined the benefits were about ten times larger than the costs. We subsequently used the results very widely in justification of our program, and for that reason published them: Benefits from expenditures on earthquake research at Natural Resources Canada; Swan, N. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3764, 1999, 45 pages, https://doi.org/10.4095/211071 (Open Access) Download the publication (http://ftp.geogratis.gc.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/publications/ess_sst/211/211071/of_3764.pdf ). I do not believe anyone has done it more rigorously since then.